<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Ylide</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylide"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/mediawiki.page.gallery.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ylide rootpage-Ylide skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ylide</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Ein <b>Ylid</b> ist ein <a href="Zwitterion" title="Zwitterion">inneres Salz</a>, bei dem ein <a href="Anionisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Anionisch">anionisches</a> Zentrum einer <a href="Kationisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kationisch">kationischen</a> Gruppe direkt benachbart ist und durch diese stabilisiert wird.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Die ersten Ylide wurden bereits 1894 von Michaelis und Gimborn synthetisiert, jedoch nicht als solche erkannt.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In der Folge erfolgte die erste bewusste Synthese und Isolierung eines Ylids 1919 durch Staudinger und Meyer.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktur">Struktur</h2></div>
<p>Viele Eigenschaften von Yliden lassen sich auf die besondere elektronische Struktur der zentralen ylidischen Bindung zurückführen. Diese Bindung kann auf verschiedene Arten beschrieben werden. Zum einen als Zwitterion, mit sowohl kovalentem („-yl“) als auch ionischem („-id“) Charakter der Bindung. Das Molekül entspricht dabei einem Zwitterion mit einer Ladungstrennung zwischen einer <a href="Onium-Verbindung" title="Onium-Verbindung">Oniumgruppe</a> (zum Beispiel <a href="Phosphonium" title="Phosphonium">Phosphonium</a>) und einem direkt benachbarten anionischen Zentrum, wie einem <a href="Carbanion" title="Carbanion">Carbanion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Stabilisierung erfolgt dabei durch <a href="Hyperkonjugation#Negative_Hyperkonjugation" title="Hyperkonjugation">negative Hyperkonjugation</a> der negativen Ladung des anionischen Zentrums in ein antibindendes <i>σ*</i>-Orbital der Oniumgruppe zu einem ihrer Substituenten.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daraus resultiert die Beschreibung in einer mesomeren Grenzstruktur mit einem Doppelbindungscharakter zwischen der Oniumgruppe und dem anionischen Zentrum.
</p>
<p>In der Vergangenheit spielte weiterhin die Beschreibung als <b>Ylen</b> mit alkylischem („-yl“) und kovalentem <a href="Doppelbindung" title="Doppelbindung">Doppelbindungscharakter</a> („-en“) eine Rolle. In dieser Struktur wird allerdings die <a href="Oktettregel" title="Oktettregel">Oktettregel</a> verletzt. Diese Verletzung wurde mit einer Beteiligung der <i>d</i>-Orbitale der Oniumgruppe erklärt. Allerdings konnten computerchemische Untersuchungen zeigen, dass diese lediglich eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In neueren Veröffentlichungen wird zudem die Beschreibung als <a href="Phosphanliganden" title="Phosphanliganden">phosphanstabilisiertes</a> <a href="Carbene" title="Carbene">Carben</a> vorgeschlagen und ausführlich diskutiert.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="center gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Die veraltete Beschreibung eines <i>P</i>-Ylids als Ylen.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Die Beschreibung eines <i>P</i>-Ylids als phosphanstabilisiertes Carben.</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthese_von_Yliden">Synthese von Yliden</h2></div>
<p>Insbesondere die Synthese von <i>P</i>- und <i>S</i>-Yliden erfolgt in der Regel durch Deprotonierung der entsprechenden Phosphonium- beziehungsweise Sulfoniumsalze in α-Position zur Oniumgruppe.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es sind allerdings auch andere Syntheserouten bekannt. Beispielsweise können <i>N</i>-Ylide durch die Reaktion von <a href="Carbenkomplexe" title="Carbenkomplexe">Carbenkomplexen</a> mit <a href="Amine" title="Amine">Aminen</a> erhalten werden.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Synthese von <i>Br</i>-Yliden kann hingegen durch die Umsetzung von geeigneten Brom(III)-Precursoren mit Bis(perfluoaralkylsulfon)methylen erfolgen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die so erhaltenen <i>Br</i>-Ylide reagieren wiederum mit Arylchloriden oder -iodiden zu den entsprechenden <i>Cl</i>- oder <i>I</i>-Derivaten.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arten_von_Yliden">Arten von Yliden</h2></div>
<p>In einer Vielzahl von Yliden fungiert ein Kohlenstoffatom als anionisches Zentrum. Diese Verbindungen werden entsprechend dem Zentralatom der Oniumgruppe beispielsweise als <i><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor">P</a></i>-, <i><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel">S</a></i>- oder <i><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a></i>-Ylide bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="P-Ylide"><i>P</i>-Ylide</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Phosphor-Ylide" title="Phosphor-Ylide">Phosphor-Ylide</a></i></div>
<p>Mit Yliden sind umgangssprachig häufig Phosphor-Ylide (auch als <a href="Phosphorane" title="Phosphorane">Phosphorane</a> bezeichnet) gemeint. Es handelt sich dabei um phosphororganische Verbindungen, in denen das Phosphoratom die <a href="Oxidationsstufe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidationsstufe">Oxidationsstufe</a> +V hat. Anwendung finden <i>P</i>-Ylide insbesondere in der <a href="Wittig-Reaktion" title="Wittig-Reaktion">Wittig-Reaktion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meist werden sie nicht hierbei isoliert, sondern <i>in situ</i> hergestellt und direkt mit einem <a href="Aldehyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldehyd">Aldehyd</a> umgesetzt, welches schließlich die Methylengruppe des Ylids erhält (d. h., aus C=O wird C=CH<sub>2</sub>). Diese Reaktion und ihre Variationen (zum Beispiel <a href="Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons-Reaktion" title="Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons-Reaktion">Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons-Reaktion</a>) werden in einer Vielzahl industrieller Prozesse als Schlüsselschritt angewandt (zum Beispiel in der Vitaminsynthese).
</p><p><a href="Hubert_Schmidbaur" title="Hubert Schmidbaur">Schmidbaur</a> erkannte als erster, dass <i>P</i>-Ylide aufgrund ihrer Donoreigenschaften (negative Ladung des Carbanions) als Liganden für Metalle geeignet sind. Ihm gelang auch erstmals die Isolierung des Trimethylmethylenphosphorans (Me<sub>3</sub>P=CH<sub>2</sub>), einer extrem reaktiven Verbindung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S-Ylide"><i>S</i>-Ylide</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Schwefel-Ylide" title="Schwefel-Ylide">Schwefel-Ylide</a></i></div>
<p>Eine zweite wichtige Klasse an Yliden sind die <i>S</i>-Ylide. Diese lassen sich in Sulfonium-Ylide der Form R<sub>2</sub>S<sup>+</sup>–C<sup>−</sup>R<sub>2</sub> mit Schwefel in der Oxidationsstufe +III und Sulfoxonium-Ylide der Form R<sub>2</sub>(O)S<sup>+</sup>–C<sup>−</sup>R<sub>2</sub> mit einem Schwefelatom in der Oxidationsstufe +V unterteilen.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insbesondere Sulfoniumylide finden Anwendung in der <a href="Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky-Reaktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky-Reaktion">Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky-Reaktion</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder treten in der <a href="Swern-Oxidation" title="Swern-Oxidation">Swern-Oxidation</a><sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> als Intermediat auf.
</p>
<ul class="center gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur eines Sulfonium-Ylids</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur eines Sulfoxonium-Ylids</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="N-Ylide"><i>N</i>-Ylide</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Ammonium-Ylide" title="Ammonium-Ylide">Ammonium-Ylide</a></i></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Azomethin-Ylide" title="Azomethin-Ylide">Azomethin-Ylide</a></i></div>
<p>Als nach den <i>P</i>- und <i>S</i>-Yliden wichtigste Art von Yliden gelten die <i>N</i>-Ylide.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese weisen eine große strukturelle Vielfalt auf. So ist in den <a href="Ammonium-Ylide" title="Ammonium-Ylide">Ammonium-Yliden</a>, die strukturell den <i>P</i>-Yliden gleichen, der Stickstoff tetravalent und sp<sup>3</sup>-hybridisiert. Dem Gegenüber stehen die <a href="Azomethin-Ylide" title="Azomethin-Ylide">Azomethin-</a>, <a href="Pyridiniumverbindungen" title="Pyridiniumverbindungen">Pyridinium-</a> und <a href="Triazole" title="Triazole">Triazolium</a>-Ylide. In diesen ist der Stickstoff trivalent und sp<sup>2</sup>-hybridisiert.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="center gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur eines Ammonium-Ylids</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur eines Azomethin-Ylids</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur eines Pyridinium-Ylids</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weitere_einfache_Ylide">Weitere einfache Ylide</h3></div>
<p>Es sind noch weitere Ylide von Hauptgruppenelementen in der Oniumgruppe bekannt, zum Beispiel mit <a href="Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> (<i>As</i>-Ylide),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Antimon" title="Antimon">Antimon</a> (<i>Sb</i>-Ylide),<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Selen" title="Selen">Selen</a> (<i>Se</i>-Ylide)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder <a href="Halogene" title="Halogene">Halogenen</a> (<i>Halogen</i>-Ylide).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="center gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur eines <i>As</i>-Ylids</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur eines <i>Sb</i>-Ylids</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur eines <i>Se</i>-Ylids</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur von Halogen-Yliden (X = <a href="Chlor" title="Chlor">Cl</a>, <a href="Brom" title="Brom">Br</a>, <a href="Iod" title="Iod">I</a>)</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Neben diesen gibt es allerdings noch eine Vielzahl an weiteren funktionellen Gruppen, in denen ein anderes Element als Kohlenstoff das anionische Zentrum bildet. So können beispielsweise die S–O-Bindungen in <a href="Sulfoxide" title="Sulfoxide">Sulfoxiden</a> oder <a href="Sulfone" title="Sulfone">Sulfonen</a> als ylidisch aufgefasst werden.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Als anionische Zentren fungieren in diesen Fällen die Sauerstoffatome. Dasselbe gilt ebenfalls für <a href="Phosphanoxide" title="Phosphanoxide">Phosphanoxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="center gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Ylidische Schreibweise eines Phosphanoxids</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Ylidische Schreibweise eines Sulfoxids</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bisylide">Bisylide</h3></div>
<p>Eine weitere Klasse von Yliden sind die Bisylide. Bei diesen Verbindungen ist ein zweifach negativ geladenes Carbanion mit zwei Oniumgruppen substituiert. Auch diese Verbindungen sind entsprechend neutral geladen. Handelt es sich bei beiden Oniumgruppen um Phosphoniumgruppen, werden diese Verbindungen auch als Carbodiphosphorane bezeichnet, allerdings sind auch sulfonium-<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und phosphonium-/sulfonium gemischtsubstituierte<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bisylide bekannt. Auch Seloniumgruppen können zur Stabilisierung der Verbindung eingesetzt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weiterhin können stark gebogene <a href="Allene" title="Allene">Allene</a> auch als Bisylide (Carbodicarbene) aufgefasst werden.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="center centered gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 489px;">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur von phosphonium-substituierten Bisyliden (Carbodiphosphoranen)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur von phosphonium-/sulfonium-substiituierten Bisyliden</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur von sulfonium-substituierten Bisyliden</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Ein Allen (links) gegenüber einem gebogenen Allen in ylidischer Schreibweise (rechts)</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yldiide">Yldiide</h3></div>
<p>In Yldiiden, teilweise auch als metallierte Ylide bezeichnet, wird ein zweifach negativ geladenes Carbanion im Gegensatz zu Bisyliden nur durch eine Oniumgruppe stabilisiert. Diese Verbindungen sind entsprechend <a href="Anion" title="Anion">anionisch</a>. Als <a href="Gegenion" title="Gegenion">Gegenion</a> fungieren dabei <a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">Alkalimetallkationen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yldiide eignen sich zur Einführung von Ylidsubstituenten durch <a href="Metathese_(Chemie)" title="Metathese (Chemie)">Salzmetathesereaktionen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung">Verwendung</h2></div>
<p>Besondere Bekanntheit haben <i>P</i>-Ylide durch ihren Einsatz als Reagenzien zur C=C-Bindungsknüpfung in der <a href="Wittig-Reaktion" title="Wittig-Reaktion">Wittig-Reaktion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> für die ihr Entdecker <a href="Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a> 1979 mit dem <a href="Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Chemie" title="Nobelpreis für Chemie">Nobelpreis für Chemie</a> ausgezeichnet wurde.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>S</i>-Ylide werden hingegen hauptsächlich in der <a href="Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky-Reaktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky-Reaktion">Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky-Reaktion</a> in der Synthese von <a href="Epoxide" title="Epoxide">Epoxiden</a>, <a href="Aziridin" title="Aziridin">Aziridinen</a> und <a href="Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropanen</a> verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neben diesen Anwendungen dienen Ylide beispielsweise in <a href="Amino(ylid)substituierte_Carbene" title="Amino(ylid)substituierte Carbene">ylidsubstituierten Carbenen</a> oder deren schwereren Homologen jedoch auch als Liganden. Durch den Elektronenreichtum des ylidischen Kohlenstoffatoms werden so besonders starke <i>σ</i>-Donoren erhalten.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch ylidsubstituierte Phosphane zeichnen sich durch besonders starke Donorliganden aus.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ebenso gibt es eine Vielzahl an Beispielen von ylidsubstituierten Übergangsmetallkomplexen.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Christoph_Janiak" title="Christoph Janiak">Christoph Janiak</a>, <a href="Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Meyer" class="mw-disambig" title="Hans-Jürgen Meyer">Hans-Jürgen Meyer</a>, Dietrich Gudat, Ralf Alsfasser: <cite style="font-style:italic">Riedel Moderne Anorganische Chemie</cite>. de Gruyter, 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-024900-2, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110249019">10.1515/9783110249019</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.au=Christoph+Janiak%2C+Hans-J%C3%BCrgen+Meyer%2C+Dietrich+Gudat%2C+...&rft.btitle=Riedel+Moderne+Anorganische+Chemie&rft.date=2012&rft.doi=10.1515%2F9783110249019&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783110249002&rft.pub=de+Gruyter" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Michaelis, H. V. Gimborn: <cite style="font-style:italic">Ueber das Betaïn und Cholin des Triphenylphosphins</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Berichte_der_deutschen_chemischen_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft">Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>27</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 1894, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>272–277</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.18940270152">10.1002/cber.18940270152</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Ueber+das+Beta%C3%AFn+und+Cholin+des+Triphenylphosphins&rft.au=A.+Michaelis%2C+H.+V.+Gimborn&rft.date=1894-01&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fcber.18940270152&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Berichte+der+deutschen+chemischen+Gesellschaft&rft.pages=272-277&rft.volume=27" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali Ramazani, Ali Reza Kazemizadeh: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Preparation of Stabilized Phosphorus Ylides via Multicomponent Reactions and Their Synthetic Applications</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Current_Organic_Chemistry" title="Current Organic Chemistry">Current Organic Chemistry</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>23</span>, 1. Dezember 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3986–4020</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174/138527211798072412">10.2174/138527211798072412</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Preparation+of+Stabilized+Phosphorus+Ylides+via+Multicomponent+Reactions+and+Their+Synthetic+Applications&rft.au=Ali+Ramazani%2C+Ali+Reza+Kazemizadeh&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.doi=10.2174%2F138527211798072412&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=23&rft.jtitle=Current+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=3986-4020&rft.volume=15" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fausto Ramirez, Samuel Dershowitz: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Phosphinemethylenes. 1 II. Triphenylphosphineacylmethylenes</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="The_Journal_of_Organic_Chemistry" title="The Journal of Organic Chemistry">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 1957, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>41–45</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01352a010">10.1021/jo01352a010</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Phosphinemethylenes.+1+II.+Triphenylphosphineacylmethylenes&rft.au=Fausto+Ramirez%2C+Samuel+Dershowitz&rft.date=1957-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo01352a010&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=41-45&rft.volume=22" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Staudinger, Jules Meyer: <cite style="font-style:italic">Über neue organische Phosphorverbindungen III. Phosphinmethylenderivate und Phosphinimine</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Helvetica_Chimica_Acta" title="Helvetica Chimica Acta">Helvetica Chimica Acta</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1919, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>635–646</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19190020164">10.1002/hlca.19190020164</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+neue+organische+Phosphorverbindungen+III.+Phosphinmethylenderivate+und+Phosphinimine&rft.au=H.+Staudinger%2C+Jules+Meyer&rft.date=1919&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fhlca.19190020164&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Helvetica+Chimica+Acta&rft.pages=635-646&rft.volume=2" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven M. Bachrach: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Molecular structure of phosphonium ylides</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="The_Journal_of_Organic_Chemistry" title="The Journal of Organic Chemistry">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>57</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>, Juli 1992, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4367–4373</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00042a012">10.1021/jo00042a012</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Molecular+structure+of+phosphonium+ylides&rft.au=Steven+M.+Bachrach&rft.date=1992-07&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo00042a012&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=16&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=4367-4373&rft.volume=57" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Viktoria_D%C3%A4schlein-Gessner" title="Viktoria Däschlein-Gessner">Viktoria H. Gessner</a> (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Modern Ylide Chemistry</cite> (= <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Structure and Bonding</cite>). Springer International Publishing, Cham 2018, ISBN 978-3-319-89544-4, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89545-1">10.1007/978-3-319-89545-1</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.btitle=Modern+Ylide+Chemistry&rft.date=2018&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-319-89545-1&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783319895444&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.series=Structure+and+Bonding" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Himmel, Ingo Krossing, Andreas Schnepf: <cite style="font-style:italic">Dative Bindungen bei Hauptgruppenelementverbindungen. Ein Plädoyer für weniger Pfeile</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Angewandte_Chemie_(Zeitschrift)" title="Angewandte Chemie (Zeitschrift)">Angewandte Chemie</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>126</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 7. Januar 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>378–382</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201300461">10.1002/ange.201300461</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Dative+Bindungen+bei+Hauptgruppenelementverbindungen.+Ein+Pl%C3%A4doyer+f%C3%BCr+weniger+Pfeile&rft.au=Daniel+Himmel%2C+Ingo+Krossing%2C+Andreas+Schnepf&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fange.201300461&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie&rft.pages=378-382&rft.volume=126" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gernot Frenking: <cite style="font-style:italic">Dative Bindungen bei Hauptgruppenelementverbindungen. Ein Plädoyer für mehr Pfeile</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>126</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>24</span>, 10. Juni 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6152–6158</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201311022">10.1002/ange.201311022</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Dative+Bindungen+bei+Hauptgruppenelementverbindungen.+Ein+Pl%C3%A4doyer+f%C3%BCr+mehr+Pfeile&rft.au=Gernot+Frenking&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fange.201311022&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie&rft.pages=6152-6158&rft.volume=126" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Himmel, Ingo Krossing, Andreas Schnepf: <cite style="font-style:italic">Dativ oder nicht dativ?</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>126</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>24</span>, 10. Juni 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6159–6160</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201403078">10.1002/ange.201403078</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Dativ+oder+nicht+dativ%3F&rft.au=Daniel+Himmel%2C+Ingo+Krossing%2C+Andreas+Schnepf&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fange.201403078&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie&rft.pages=6159-6160&rft.volume=126" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillary J. Dequina, Jennifer M. Schomaker: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Aziridinium Ylides: Underused Intermediates for Complex Amine Synthesis</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Trends in Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, Oktober 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>874–887</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2020.08.003">10.1016/j.trechm.2020.08.003</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33665590?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33665590</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Aziridinium+Ylides%3A+Underused+Intermediates+for+Complex+Amine+Synthesis&rft.au=Hillary+J.+Dequina%2C+Jennifer+M.+Schomaker&rft.date=2020-10&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.trechm.2020.08.003&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Chemistry&rft.pages=874-887&rft.pmid=33665590&rft.volume=2" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Masahito Ochiai, Norihiro Tada, Kentaro Murai, Satoru Goto, Motoo Shiro: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Synthesis and Characterization of Bromonium Ylides and Their Unusual Ligand Transfer Reactions with N-Heterocycles</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>128</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>30</span>, 2006, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9608–9609</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja063492%2B">10.1021/ja063492+</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+Characterization+of+Bromonium+Ylides+and+Their+Unusual+Ligand+Transfer+Reactions+with+N-Heterocycles&rft.au=Masahito+Ochiai%2C+Norihiro+Tada%2C+Kentaro+Murai%2C+...&rft.date=2006&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja063492%2B&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=30&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=9608-9609&rft.volume=128" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Masahito Ochiai, Norihiro Tada, Takuya Okada, Atushi Sota, Kazunori Miyamoto: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Thermal and Catalytic Transylidations between Halonium Ylides and Synthesis and Reaction of Stable Aliphatic Chloronium Ylides</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>130</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, Februar 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2118–2119</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja074624h">10.1021/ja074624h</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Thermal+and+Catalytic+Transylidations+between+Halonium+Ylides+and+Synthesis+and+Reaction+of+Stable+Aliphatic+Chloronium+Ylides&rft.au=Masahito+Ochiai%2C+Norihiro+Tada%2C+Takuya+Okada%2C+...&rft.date=2008-02&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja074624h&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=2118-2119&rft.volume=130" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Volatron, <a href="Odile_Eisenstein" title="Odile Eisenstein">Odile Eisenstein</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Wittig versus Corey-Chaykovsky Reaction. Theoretical study of the reactivity of phosphonium methylide and sulfonium methylide with formaldehyde</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>109</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 1987, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–14</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00235a001">10.1021/ja00235a001</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Wittig+versus+Corey-Chaykovsky+Reaction.+Theoretical+study+of+the+reactivity+of+phosphonium+methylide+and+sulfonium+methylide+with+formaldehyde&rft.au=F.+Volatron%2C+Odile+Eisenstein&rft.date=1987-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja00235a001&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=1-14&rft.volume=109" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_15-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_15-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_15-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Jie Jack Li: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Name reactions. A collection of detailed reaction mechanisms</cite>. 4. Auflage. Springer, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-642-01053-8 (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.au=Jie+Jack+Li&rft.btitle=Name+reactions.+A+collection+of+detailed+reaction+mechanisms&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=4&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642010538&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgiana Denisa Bisag, Silvia Ruggieri, Mariafrancesca Fochi, Luca Bernardi: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Sulfoxonium ylides. Simple compounds with chameleonic reactivity</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>43</span>, 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8793–8809</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D0OB01822H">10.1039/D0OB01822H</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Sulfoxonium+ylides.+Simple+compounds+with+chameleonic+reactivity&rft.au=Giorgiana+Denisa+Bisag%2C+Silvia+Ruggieri%2C+Mariafrancesca+Fochi%2C+...&rft.date=2020&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD0OB01822H&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=43&rft.jtitle=Organic+%26+Biomolecular+Chemistry&rft.pages=8793-8809&rft.volume=18" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Seed, Helen R. Sharpe, Harry J. Futcher, Ashley J. Wooles, Stephen T. Liddle: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Nature of the Arsonium‐Ylide Ph 3 As=CH 2 and a Uranium(IV) Arsonium–Carbene Complex</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>132</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37</span>, 7. September 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16004–16008</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202004983">10.1002/ange.202004983</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Nature+of+the+Arsonium%E2%80%90Ylide+Ph+3+As%3DCH+2+and+a+Uranium%28IV%29+Arsonium-Carbene+Complex&rft.au=John+A.+Seed%2C+Helen+R.+Sharpe%2C+Harry+J.+Futcher%2C+...&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fange.202004983&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=37&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie&rft.pages=16004-16008&rft.volume=132" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Lloyd, Ian Gosney, Raymond A. Ormiston: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Arsonium ylides (with some mention also of arsinimines, stibonium and bismuthonium ylides)</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Chemical Society Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>, 1987, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>45</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/cs9871600045">10.1039/cs9871600045</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Arsonium+ylides+%28with+some+mention+also+of+arsinimines%2C+stibonium+and+bismuthonium+ylides%29&rft.au=Douglas+Lloyd%2C+Ian+Gosney%2C+Raymond+A.+Ormiston&rft.btitle=Chemical+Society+Reviews&rft.date=1987&rft.doi=10.1039%2Fcs9871600045&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=45&rft.volume=16" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Józef Drabowicz, Aneta Rzewnicka, Remigiusz Żurawiński: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Selenonium Ylides. Syntheses, Structural Aspects, and Synthetic Applications</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Molecules</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>25</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 22. Mai 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2420</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102420">10.3390/molecules25102420</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32455915?dopt=Abstract">PMID 32455915</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Selenonium+Ylides.+Syntheses%2C+Structural+Aspects%2C+and+Synthetic+Applications&rft.au=J%C3%B3zef+Drabowicz%2C+Aneta+Rzewnicka%2C+Remigiusz+%C5%BBurawi%C5%84ski&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft.doi=10.3390%2Fmolecules25102420&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.pages=2420&rft.pmid=32455915&rft.volume=25" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. H. Pirkle, G. F. Koser: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Halonium ylides. I</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>90</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13</span>, Juni 1968, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3598–3600</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01015a075">10.1021/ja01015a075</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Halonium+ylides.+I&rft.au=W.+H.+Pirkle%2C+G.+F.+Koser&rft.date=1968-06&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja01015a075&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=3598-3600&rft.volume=90" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Masahito Ochiai, Norihiro Tada, Takuya Okada, Atushi Sota, Kazunori Miyamoto: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Thermal and Catalytic Transylidations between Halonium Ylides and Synthesis and Reaction of Stable Aliphatic Chloronium Ylides</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>130</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, Februar 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2118–2119</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja074624h">10.1021/ja074624h</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Thermal+and+Catalytic+Transylidations+between+Halonium+Ylides+and+Synthesis+and+Reaction+of+Stable+Aliphatic+Chloronium+Ylides&rft.au=Masahito+Ochiai%2C+Norihiro+Tada%2C+Takuya+Okada%2C+...&rft.date=2008-02&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja074624h&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=2118-2119&rft.volume=130" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Terence P. Cunningham, David L. Cooper, Joseph Gerratt, Peter B. Karadakov, Mario Raimondi: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Chemical bonding in oxofluorides of hypercoordinate sulfur</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>93</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13</span>, 1997, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2247–2254</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/a700708f">10.1039/a700708f</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Chemical+bonding+in+oxofluorides+of+hypercoordinate+sulfur&rft.au=Terence+P.+Cunningham%2C+David+L.+Cooper%2C+Joseph+Gerratt%2C+...&rft.date=1997&rft.doi=10.1039%2Fa700708f&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Faraday+Transactions&rft.pages=2247-2254&rft.volume=93" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Kaiser, Immo Klose, Rik Oost, James Neuhaus, Nuno Maulide: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Bond-Forming and -Breaking Reactions at Sulfur(IV): Sulfoxides, Sulfonium Salts, Sulfur Ylides, and Sulfinate Salts</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Chemical Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>119</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>14</span>, 24. Juli 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8701–8780</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00111">10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00111</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31243998?dopt=Abstract">PMID 31243998</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Bond-Forming+and+-Breaking+Reactions+at+Sulfur%28IV%29%3A+Sulfoxides%2C+Sulfonium+Salts%2C+Sulfur+Ylides%2C+and+Sulfinate+Salts&rft.au=Daniel+Kaiser%2C+Immo+Klose%2C+Rik+Oost%2C+...&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.9b00111&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=14&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.pages=8701-8780&rft.pmid=31243998&rft.volume=119" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. B. Chesnut, A. Savin: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Electron Localization Function (ELF) Description of the PO Bond in Phosphine Oxide</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>121</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, März 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2335–2336</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja984314m">10.1021/ja984314m</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=The+Electron+Localization+Function+%28ELF%29+Description+of+the+PO+Bond+in+Phosphine+Oxide&rft.au=D.+B.+Chesnut%2C+A.+Savin&rft.date=1999-03&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja984314m&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=2335-2336&rft.volume=121" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Takayoshi Fujii, Tomio Ikeda, Toshie Mikami, Tetsuya Suzuki, Toshiaki Yoshimura: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Synthesis and Structure of (MeN)Ph<sub>2</sub>S–C–SPh<sub>2</sub>(NMe)</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>41</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>14</span>, 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2576–2578</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773%2820020715%2941%3A14%3C2576%3A%3AAID-ANIE2576%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8">10.1002/1521-3773(20020715)41:14<2576::AID-ANIE2576>3.0.CO;2-8</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+Structure+of+%28MeN%29Ph2S-C-SPh2%28NMe%29&rft.au=Takayoshi+Fujii%2C+Tomio+Ikeda%2C+Toshie+Mikami%2C+...&rft.date=2002&rft.doi=10.1002%2F1521-3773%2820020715%2941%3A14%3C2576%3A%3AAID-ANIE2576%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=14&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=2576-2578&rft.volume=41" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sergio Pascual, Matthew Asay, Ona Illa, Tsuyoshi Kato, Guy Bertrand: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Synthesis of a Mixed Phosphonium–Sulfonium Bisylide R<sub>3</sub>P–C–SR<sub>2</sub></cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>46</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>47</span>, 3. Dezember 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9078–9080</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200704071">10.1002/anie.200704071</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+a+Mixed+Phosphonium-Sulfonium+Bisylide+R3P-C-SR2&rft.au=Sergio+Pascual%2C+Matthew+Asay%2C+Ona+Illa%2C+...&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.200704071&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=47&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=9078-9080&rft.volume=46" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomohito Morosaki, Tsubasa Suzuki, Wei-Wei Wang, Shigeru Nagase, Takayoshi Fujii: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Syntheses, Structures, and Reactivities of Two Chalcogen-Stabilized Carbones</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>53</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>36</span>, 1. September 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9569–9571</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201404795">10.1002/anie.201404795</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Syntheses%2C+Structures%2C+and+Reactivities+of+Two+Chalcogen-Stabilized+Carbones&rft.au=Tomohito+Morosaki%2C+Tsubasa+Suzuki%2C+Wei-Wei+Wang%2C+...&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.201404795&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=36&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=9569-9571&rft.volume=53" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Alois_F%C3%BCrstner" title="Alois Fürstner">Alois Fürstner</a>, <a href="Manuel_Alcarazo_Velasco" title="Manuel Alcarazo Velasco">Manuel Alcarazo</a>, Richard Goddard, Christian W. Lehmann: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Coordination Chemistry of Ene-1,1-diamines and a Prototype “Carbodicarbene”</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>47</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, 14. April 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3210–3214</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200705798">10.1002/anie.200705798</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Coordination+Chemistry+of+Ene-1%2C1-diamines+and+a+Prototype+%E2%80%9CCarbodicarbene%E2%80%9D&rft.au=Alois+F%C3%BCrstner%2C+Manuel+Alcarazo%2C+Richard+Goddard%2C+...&rft.date=2008-04-14&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.200705798&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=3210-3214&rft.volume=47" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Adam Dyker, Vincent Lavallo, Bruno Donnadieu, <a href="Guy_Bertrand" title="Guy Bertrand">Guy Bertrand</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Synthesis of an Extremely Bent Acyclic Allene (A “Carbodicarbene”): A Strong Donor Ligand</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>47</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, 14. April 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3206–3209</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200705620">10.1002/anie.200705620</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+an+Extremely+Bent+Acyclic+Allene+%28A+%E2%80%9CCarbodicarbene%E2%80%9D%29%3A+A+Strong+Donor+Ligand&rft.au=C.+Adam+Dyker%2C+Vincent+Lavallo%2C+Bruno+Donnadieu%2C+...&rft.date=2008-04-14&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.200705620&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=3206-3209&rft.volume=47" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Baumgartner, Bernd Schinkels, Dietrich Gudat, Martin Nieger, Edgar Niecke: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Lithium Phosphoranylidene Ylides Mes*-P(E)C(H)Li(THF) 3 (E = NMes*, C(SiMe 3 ) 2 ): Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Transmetalation</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>119</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>50</span>, Dezember 1997, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12410–12411</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9718127">10.1021/ja9718127</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Lithium+Phosphoranylidene+Ylides+Mes%2A-P%28E%29C%28H%29Li%28THF%29+3+%28E+%3D+NMes%2A%2C+C%28SiMe+3+%29+2+%29%3A+Synthesis%2C+Crystal+Structure%2C+and+Transmetalation&rft.au=Thomas+Baumgartner%2C+Bernd+Schinkels%2C+Dietrich+Gudat%2C+...&rft.date=1997-12&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja9718127&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=50&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=12410-12411&rft.volume=119" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stéphanie Goumri-Magnet, Heinz Gornitzka, Antoine Baceiredo, Guy Bertrand: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Synthetic Utility of Stable Phosphanylcarbenes. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of an α-(Lithiomethylene)phosphorane</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>38</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>678–680</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/%28SICI%291521-3773%2819990301%2938%3A5%3C678%3A%3AAID-ANIE678%3E3.0.CO%3B2-L">10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990301)38:5<678::AID-ANIE678>3.0.CO;2-L</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Synthetic+Utility+of+Stable+Phosphanylcarbenes.+Synthesis+and+Crystal+Structure+of+an+%CE%B1-%28Lithiomethylene%29phosphorane&rft.au=St%C3%A9phanie+Goumri-Magnet%2C+Heinz+Gornitzka%2C+Antoine+Baceiredo%2C+...&rft.date=1999&rft.doi=10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-3773%2819990301%2938%3A5%3C678%3A%3AAID-ANIE678%3E3.0.CO%3B2-L&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=678-680&rft.volume=38" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorsten Scherpf, Regina Wirth, Sebastian Molitor, Kai-Stephan Feichtner, Viktoria H. Gessner: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Bridging the Gap between Bisylides and Methandiides. Isolation, Reactivity, and Electronic Structure of an Yldiide</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>54</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>29</span>, 13. Juli 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8542–8546</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201501818">10.1002/anie.201501818</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Bridging+the+Gap+between+Bisylides+and+Methandiides.+Isolation%2C+Reactivity%2C+and+Electronic+Structure+of+an+Yldiide&rft.au=Thorsten+Scherpf%2C+Regina+Wirth%2C+Sebastian+Molitor%2C+...&rft.date=2015-07-13&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.201501818&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=29&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=8542-8546&rft.volume=54" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandrajeet Mohapatra, Lennart T. Scharf, Thorsten Scherpf, Bert Mallick, Kai‐Stephan Feichtner: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Isolation of a Diylide‐Stabilized Stannylene and Germylene: Enhanced Donor Strength through Coplanar Lone Pair Alignment</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>58</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, 27. Mai 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7459–7463</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201902831">10.1002/anie.201902831</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30901140?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30901140</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6563488/">PMC 6563488</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Isolation+of+a+Diylide%E2%80%90Stabilized+Stannylene+and+Germylene%3A+Enhanced+Donor+Strength+through+Coplanar+Lone+Pair+Alignment&rft.au=Chandrajeet+Mohapatra%2C+Lennart+T.+Scharf%2C+Thorsten+Scherpf%2C+...&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.201902831&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=7459-7463&rft.pmc=6563488&rft.pmid=30901140&rft.volume=58" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandrajeet Mohapatra, Heidar Darmandeh, Henning Steinert, Bert Mallick, Kai‐Stephan Feichtner: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Synthesis of Low‐Valent Dinuclear Group 14 Compounds with Element–Element Bonds by Transylidation</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Chemistry – A European Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>26</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>66</span>, 26. November 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15145–15149</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202004242">10.1002/chem.202004242</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32954596?dopt=Abstract">PMID 32954596</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7756224/">PMC 7756224</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+Low%E2%80%90Valent+Dinuclear+Group+14+Compounds+with+Element-Element+Bonds+by+Transylidation&rft.au=Chandrajeet+Mohapatra%2C+Heidar+Darmandeh%2C+Henning+Steinert%2C+...&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fchem.202004242&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=66&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal&rft.pages=15145-15149&rft.pmc=7756224&rft.pmid=32954596&rft.volume=26" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adalbert Maercker: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Wittig Reaction</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Organic Reactions</cite>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken (NJ/USA) 2011, ISBN 978-0-471-26418-7, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>270–490</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264180.or014.03">10.1002/0471264180.or014.03</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=The+Wittig+Reaction&rft.au=Adalbert+Maercker&rft.btitle=Organic+Reactions&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft.doi=10.1002%2F0471264180.or014.03&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780471264187&rft.pages=270-490&rft.place=Hoboken+%28NJ%2FUSA%29&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc." style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1979/wittig/facts/"><i>The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 6. August 2021</span> (amerikanisches Englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AYlide&rft.title=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1979&rft.description=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1979&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F1979%2Fwittig%2Ffacts%2F&rft.language=en-US"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Corey-Chaykovsky reaction</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Name Reactions</cite>. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-30030-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>157–159</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30031-7_70">10.1007/3-540-30031-7_70</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Corey-Chaykovsky+reaction&rft.btitle=Name+Reactions&rft.date=2006&rft.doi=10.1007%2F3-540-30031-7_70&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540300304&rft.pages=157-159&rft.place=Berlin%2FHeidelberg&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abir Sarbajna, V. S. V. S. N. Swamy, Viktoria H. Gessner: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Phosphorus-ylides: powerful substituents for the stabilization of reactive main group compounds</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Chemical Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2016–2024</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SC03278F">10.1039/D0SC03278F</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34163963?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34163963</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8179322/">PMC 8179322</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Phosphorus-ylides%3A+powerful+substituents+for+the+stabilization+of+reactive+main+group+compounds&rft.au=Abir+Sarbajna%2C+V.+S.+V.+S.+N.+Swamy%2C+Viktoria+H.+Gessner&rft.date=2021&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD0SC03278F&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Science&rft.pages=2016-2024&rft.pmc=8179322&rft.pmid=34163963&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorsten Scherpf, Christopher Schwarz, Lennart T. Scharf, Jana-Alina Zur, Andreas Helbig: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Ylide-Functionalized Phosphines: Strong Donor Ligands for Homogeneous Catalysis</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>57</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>39</span>, 24. September 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12859–12864</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201805372">10.1002/anie.201805372</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29862622?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29862622</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6174943/">PMC 6174943</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Ylide-Functionalized+Phosphines%3A+Strong+Donor+Ligands+for+Homogeneous+Catalysis&rft.au=Thorsten+Scherpf%2C+Christopher+Schwarz%2C+Lennart+T.+Scharf%2C+...&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.201805372&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=39&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=12859-12864&rft.pmc=6174943&rft.pmid=29862622&rft.volume=57" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Weber, Thorsten Scherpf, Ilja Rodstein, Dominik Lichte, Lennart T. Scharf: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">A Highly Active Ylide‐Functionalized Phosphine for Palladium‐Catalyzed Aminations of Aryl Chlorides</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>58</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 4. März 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3203–3207</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201810696">10.1002/anie.201810696</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=A+Highly+Active+Ylide%E2%80%90Functionalized+Phosphine+for+Palladium%E2%80%90Catalyzed+Aminations+of+Aryl+Chlorides&rft.au=Philip+Weber%2C+Thorsten+Scherpf%2C+Ilja+Rodstein%2C+...&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.201810696&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=3203-3207&rft.volume=58" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Schwarz, Jens Handelmann, Daniel M. Baier, Alina Ouissa, Viktoria H. Gessner: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Mono- and diylide-substituted phosphines (YPhos): impact of the ligand properties on the catalytic activity in gold( i )-catalysed hydroaminations</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Catalysis Science & Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>23</span>, 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6808–6815</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CY01861A">10.1039/C9CY01861A</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Mono-+and+diylide-substituted+phosphines+%28YPhos%29%3A+impact+of+the+ligand+properties+on+the+catalytic+activity+in+gold%28+i+%29-catalysed+hydroaminations&rft.au=Christopher+Schwarz%2C+Jens+Handelmann%2C+Daniel+M.+Baier%2C+...&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1039%2FC9CY01861A&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=23&rft.jtitle=Catalysis+Science+%26+Technology&rft.pages=6808-6815&rft.volume=9" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Seed, Helen R. Sharpe, Harry J. Futcher, Ashley J. Wooles, Stephen T. Liddle: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Nature of the Arsonium‐Ylide Ph 3 As=CH 2 and a Uranium(IV) Arsonium–Carbene Complex</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>59</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37</span>, 7. September 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15870–15874</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202004983">10.1002/anie.202004983</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Nature+of+the+Arsonium%E2%80%90Ylide+Ph+3+As%3DCH+2+and+a+Uranium%28IV%29+Arsonium-Carbene+Complex&rft.au=John+A.+Seed%2C+Helen+R.+Sharpe%2C+Harry+J.+Futcher%2C+...&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.202004983&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=37&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=15870-15874&rft.volume=59" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Oswald, Malte Fischer, Niclas Struckmann, Marc Schmidtmann, <a href="R%C3%BCdiger_Beckhaus" title="Rüdiger Beckhaus">Rüdiger Beckhaus</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Reaction of Pentafulvene Titanium and Zirconium Complexes with Phosphorus Ylides. Stoichiometric Reactions and Catalytic Intramolecular Proton Shuttles</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Organometallics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>38</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 25. Februar 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>829–843</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00831">10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00831</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Reaction+of+Pentafulvene+Titanium+and+Zirconium+Complexes+with+Phosphorus+Ylides.+Stoichiometric+Reactions+and+Catalytic+Intramolecular+Proton+Shuttles&rft.au=Tim+Oswald%2C+Malte+Fischer%2C+Niclas+Struckmann%2C+...&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.organomet.8b00831&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.pages=829-843&rft.volume=38" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Johnson, Isabel Marzo, M. Concepción Gimeno: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Ylide Ligands as Building Blocks for Bioactive Group 11 Metal Complexes</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Chemistry – A European Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>24</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>45</span>, 9. August 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11693–11702</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201801600">10.1002/chem.201801600</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Ylide+Ligands+as+Building+Blocks+for+Bioactive+Group+11+Metal+Complexes&rft.au=Alice+Johnson%2C+Isabel+Marzo%2C+M.+Concepci%C3%B3n+Gimeno&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fchem.201801600&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=45&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal&rft.pages=11693-11702&rft.volume=24" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiao-Qiang Hu, Dominik Lichte, Ilja Rodstein, Philip Weber, Ann-Katrin Seitz: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Ylide-Functionalized Phosphine (YPhos)–Palladium Catalysts: Selective Monoarylation of Alkyl Ketones with Aryl Chlorides</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Organic Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18</span>, 20. September 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7558–7562</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02830">10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02830</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=Ylide-Functionalized+Phosphine+%28YPhos%29-Palladium+Catalysts%3A+Selective+Monoarylation+of+Alkyl+Ketones+with+Aryl+Chlorides&rft.au=Xiao-Qiang+Hu%2C+Dominik+Lichte%2C+Ilja+Rodstein%2C+...&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.orglett.9b02830&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=18&rft.jtitle=Organic+Letters&rft.pages=7558-7562&rft.volume=21" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachid Taakili, Cécile Barthes, Amel Goëffon, Christine Lepetit, Carine Duhayon: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">NHC Core Phosphonium Ylide-based Palladium(II) Pincer Complexes. The Second Ylide Extremity Makes the Difference</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Inorganic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>59</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 18. Mai 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7082–7096</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00561">10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00561</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ylide&rft.atitle=NHC+Core+Phosphonium+Ylide-based+Palladium%28II%29+Pincer+Complexes.+The+Second+Ylide+Extremity+Makes+the+Difference&rft.au=Rachid+Taakili%2C+C%C3%A9cile+Barthes%2C+Amel+Go%C3%ABffon%2C+...&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.0c00561&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=7082-7096&rft.volume=59" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-09-09" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Ylide&oldid=259599548">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>
</body></html>